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ലാൽ വർഗീസ് കൽപകവാടി (70) അന്തരിച്ചു.

October 21, 2024
SABARI NEWS
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ആലപ്പുഴ :കർഷക കോൺഗ്രസ് മുൻ സംസ്ഥാന പ്രസിഡന്റും കിസാൻ കോൺഗ്രസ് അഖിലേന്ത്യ വൈസ് പ്രസിഡന്റുമായ ലാൽ വർഗീസ് കൽപകവാടി (70) അന്തരിച്ചു. തിരുവല്ലയിലെ സ്വകാര്യ മെഡിക്കൽ കോളജിൽ ഞായറാഴ്ച രാത്രി 9നായിരുന്നു അന്ത്യം. സംസ്കാരം ചൊവ്വാഴ്ച വൈകിട്ട് 4.30ന്.കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യകാല നേതാവ് ടി.കെ.വർഗീസ് വൈദ്യന്റെ മകനായ ലാൽ 1972ൽ കെഎസ്‌യുവിലൂടെയാണ് രാഷ്ട്രീയ രംഗത്തെത്തിയത്. 1980ൽ കർഷക കോൺഗ്രസ് സംസ്ഥാന
ട്രഷററായി. കർഷക കോൺഗ്രസിൽ ജോയിന്റ് സെക്രട്ടറി, ജനറൽ സെക്രട്ടറി പദവികൾ വഹിച്ചു. 2005ൽ സംസ്ഥാന പ്രസിഡന്റായ ലാൽ 2022 വരെ ഈ പദവിയിൽ തുടർന്നു.2024 മാർച്ചിൽ ദേശീയ വൈസ് പ്രസിഡന്റായി. ഹോർട്ടികോർപ് ചെയർമാൻ, കർഷക ക്ഷേമനിധി ബോർഡ് അംഗം തുടങ്ങിയ പദവികളും വഹിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. 2020ൽ യുഡിഎഫ് സ്ഥാനാർഥിയായി രാജ്യസഭയിലേക്കു മത്സരിച്ചെങ്കിലും പരാജയപ്പെട്ടു. ഭാര്യ: സുശീല ജേക്കബ്. മകൻ: അമ്പു വൈദ്യൻ. മരുമകൾ: ആൻ വൈദ്യൻ. തിരക്കഥാകൃത്ത് ചെറിയാൻ കൽപകവാടി സഹോദരനാണ്

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  48. Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks

    An Overview of Anabolic Steroids (Steroid Use)

    How they work, what to watch out for, and how to stay safe.

    —

    1. What Are Anabolic Steroids?

    Definition: Synthetic compounds that mimic the male hormone testosterone.

    Purpose in sports/bodybuilding: They help build muscle mass,
    improve strength, and speed up recovery.

    Common names: Testosterone propionate, nandrolone decanoate (Deca‑D),
    stanozolol, trenbolone, etc.

    2. How Do They Work?

    Step Mechanism

    1 Enter cells through the bloodstream.

    2 Bind to testosterone receptors on muscle fibers.

    3 Trigger DNA transcription → protein synthesis.

    4 Increase nitrogen retention (muscle “fuel”).

    5 Reduce recovery time; more efficient use of nutrients.

    Result: More muscle growth, less fat gain, faster performance gains.

    —

    3. Typical Use Patterns

    Cycle length: 6–12 weeks.

    Stacking: Combining multiple steroids for synergistic effects (e.g., Testosterone + Anavar).

    Dosage ranges: Vary by compound; e.g., Testosterone: 200–400 mg/week
    orally or via injection.

    4. Monitoring & Side Effects

    Parameter Typical Range

    Hematocrit 42–50% (males)

    Blood Pressure Hepatotoxic: A substance that induces functional or structural damage to liver cells, either
    through direct cytotoxicity or via metabolic activation pathways, when administered at doses exceeding
    the organism’s detoxification capacity.

    This definition is used in the context of assessing whether a chemical could contribute to illegal exploitation (e.g., over‑hunting of species where livestock are treated with sub‑therapeutic
    doses).

    —

    3. Comparative Analysis

    Aspect U.S. Environmental Law (EPA) U.S. Animal Health Law International
    (CITES)

    Scope Broad chemical risk assessment; includes environmental
    fate, human health, and ecological impact. Focuses on animal health, disease
    control, and prevention of pathogen spread.
    Emphasizes potential for illegal exploitation of wildlife, not
    direct ecological toxicity.

    Key Legal Basis RCRA (hazardous waste), Clean Water Act (pollutant discharges).
    Veterinary Medicine Act; Animal Health Protection Act.
    CITES conventions on endangered species trade.

    Assessment Focus Environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, acute/chronic toxicity to humans
    and wildlife. Pathogenicity, zoonotic potential, resistance development in animal populations.
    Whether the chemical facilitates poaching or illegal trade of protected species.

    Typical Stakeholders Waste generators, environmental regulators, water utilities.
    Farmers, veterinarians, pharmaceutical manufacturers.
    Conservation NGOs, customs agencies, international wildlife trade monitors.

    Potential Outcomes Discharge permits, treatment requirements,
    public health advisories. Licensing for veterinary drugs, restrictions on animal use.
    Trade bans, enforcement actions against illegal trafficking.

    —

    5. Comparative Analysis of the Two Stakeholder Groups

    Aspect Environmental / Water‑Quality Regulators (Stakeholder Group A) Agricultural / Veterinary Regulators
    (Stakeholder Group B)

    Primary Concern Public health via water contamination; ecosystem integrity.
    Animal health, product safety, and economic viability of agriculture.

    Key Regulatory Instruments Discharge permits, effluent standards, monitoring requirements.
    Veterinary drug approval, animal use licensing, feed regulation.

    Data Requirements Chemical concentrations (e.g., nitrites), physical parameters (pH, DO).
    Residue levels in products, dosage records, animal
    health metrics.

    Risk Assessment Focus Dose–response relationships for human exposure via drinking
    water. Dose–response for animals and potential transfer
    to humans through food.

    Stakeholder Engagement Environmental agencies, industry, public health bodies.
    Farmers, veterinarians, food safety authorities.

    —

    4. Comparative Risk Scenarios

    Below are illustrative scenarios comparing the risk of nitrite exposure via drinking water versus ingestion of nitrates in animal feed.

    Scenario A: High Nitrite Concentration in Drinking Water

    Assumptions:

    – Nitrite concentration = 0.8 mg/L (800 μg/L), near
    WHO guideline.
    – Daily intake ≈ 2 L → 1.6 mg nitrite/day.
    – Body weight of adult human = 70 kg.
    – Estimated absorbed dose ≈ 1.6 mg / 70 kg = 22.9 μg/kg body weight/day.

    Risk Assessment:

    – The NOAEL for nitrites in humans is ~0.2 mg/kg bw per day (based on animal data).

    – Our estimate (22.9 μg/kg) ≈ 11.5% of NOAEL → acceptable margin of safety.

    – However, if water consumption increases or sources are highly contaminated,
    risk may rise.

    —

    4.3 Animal Models

    Rat Studies: Chronic exposure to nitrites has been associated with increased risk of methemoglobinemia and potential carcinogenicity (via N-nitroso compounds).
    The NOAEL in rats is ~0.2 mg/kg bw/day, similar to
    human data.

    Mouse Models: Mice lacking the enzyme nitroreductase show increased sensitivity to nitrosamines; this highlights interspecies variability.

    4.4 Risk Management

    Regulatory Limits: WHO and many national agencies set maximum permissible concentrations for nitrates (e.g., 50 mg/L) in drinking water,
    which indirectly limits nitrite exposure.

    Agricultural Practices: Use of controlled-release fertilizers, crop rotation with legumes to
    fix nitrogen, and careful timing of fertilizer application can reduce nitrate
    leaching.

    Water Treatment: Public utilities often employ ion exchange or reverse osmosis to remove nitrates; personal filtration systems may be needed in private wells with high nitrate
    levels.

    5. Summary

    The term “nitrogenous” encompasses a vast array of compounds,
    from simple inorganic ions like ammonium and nitrite to complex organics such as nucleic acids and
    proteins. Their roles in biology are diverse: nitrogen is essential
    for amino acids, cofactors, and signaling molecules; redox-active
    species participate in energy transduction and defense; and structural macromolecules store
    genetic information or form cellular architecture.

    In chemistry, nitrogen-containing compounds exhibit a range of properties—from reactive intermediates to stable
    polymers—and are central to industrial processes (fertilizers, explosives, plastics).
    Their environmental significance is evident: ammonia emissions affect air quality;
    nitrous oxide contributes to greenhouse warming; nitrate contamination threatens water supplies.
    Therefore, understanding the behavior and impact of nitrogenous species is crucial for both scientific advancement and ecological
    stewardship.

    —

    5. The Future of Nitrogen Chemistry

    The next decade promises transformative developments in nitrogen chemistry across multiple arenas:

    Green Synthesis and Catalysis

    • Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂ to Ammonia (e‑NR): Advances in electrocatalysts (metal–organic frameworks, single‐atom catalysts) aim to
    lower overpotentials, improve selectivity, and enable large‐scale conversion of CO₂ into
    liquid fertilizers.

    • Biomimetic Nitrogenases: Synthetic complexes that emulate
    the FeMo‑cofactor are being refined to operate
    under ambient conditions with high turnover numbers, offering routes to “bio‑inspired” ammonia synthesis without the need for high pressures and temperatures.

    Ammonia‑Based Energy Storage

    • Thermochemical Conversion of Ammonia to Hydrogen: The reversible decomposition/combustion cycle (NH₃ ↔ ½ N₂ + 3/2 H₂)
    is being integrated into power‑to‑gas and fuel‑cell systems.
    Recent advances involve catalytic membranes that enable efficient, selective
    hydrogen release at moderate temperatures (~400–500 °C).

    • Ammonia Fuel Cells: Direct ammonia oxidation in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) or solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is under development;
    breakthroughs include low‑temperature ammonia catalysts (e.g., Pt/CoFe alloys) that lower the activation barrier and reduce CO poisoning.

    2.2 Industrial Energy Management

    Process Optimization: The petrochemical industry employs advanced
    process control (APC), digital twins, and real‑time data analytics to reduce energy intensity by ~5–10 % in major plants.

    Energy Recovery: Technologies such as waste heat boilers, regenerative gas turbines, and combined cycle units are increasingly integrated.
    For example, a typical refinery can recover 15–20 % of the thermal energy from flue gases through a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system.

    2.3 Renewable Integration & Energy Storage

    Grid‑Scale Batteries: Lithium‑ion and flow battery installations in Europe have grown to
    >5 GW by 2023, providing frequency regulation, peak shaving, and renewable curtailment mitigation.

    Hydrogen Production (Power-to-X): The European Hydrogen Strategy (2020) projects 2–4 GW of electrolyzers by 2030, with
    pilot projects already delivering green hydrogen to industrial processes.

    3. What are the biggest bottlenecks and risks?

    Category Key Bottleneck / Risk Impact on Energy System

    Supply Chain Rare earth metals (neodymium, dysprosium) for permanent magnets; lithium for batteries Potential price spikes or supply disruptions; limits on scaling of EVs and storage

    Infrastructure Aging transmission grid, limited high‑capacity corridors Bottlenecks in renewable integration; increased
    curtailment

    Policy / Regulation Uncertain incentives (e.g., tax credits), fragmented local regulations Reduced investment confidence; slower deployment

    Economic High upfront capital costs for renewables and storage; financing barriers Slower adoption, especially in developing regions

    Technology Limited efficiency of solar PV under certain conditions; battery degradation Hinders cost reductions and
    performance targets

    —

    3. The Solution: A Holistic Energy Ecosystem Platform

    To address the above challenges, we propose a multi‑layered, integrated platform
    that brings together:

    Hardware Layer (Smart Sensors & Actuators)

    Data & Analytics Layer (Edge & Cloud Services)

    Application Layer (Domain‑Specific Solutions)

    Business Layer (Marketplace & Monetization)

    This architecture is designed to be modular, scalable, and interoperable
    across industries.

    3.1 Hardware Layer – “Smart Sensors”

    Modular Sensor Nodes: Each node combines:

    – Power Monitoring: Current/voltage sensors for PV arrays, batteries.

    – Environmental Sensing: Light intensity, temperature, humidity.

    – Energy Storage Interface: Battery state‑of‑charge via
    voltage/current.
    – Connectivity: LoRaWAN / NB‑IoT radios (low power) + optional Wi‑Fi.

    Edge Processing Unit: Tiny microcontroller runs
    lightweight ML inference:

    – Predictive load estimation, anomaly detection.
    – Local decision making to trigger actions (e.g., charge/discharge).

    Battery Management: Integrated MPPT for PV, BMS for battery
    health.

    2.2 Smart Meter / Energy Management Hub

    High‑accuracy AC current transformer and voltage sensor to capture real‑time consumption.

    Local storage & computation (edge AI) for forecasting usage patterns.

    Communication Interface: LoRaWAN gateway + Ethernet/Wi‑Fi uplink to Cloud.

    Control Outputs:

    – Modulate inverter set‑points via IEC61850
    or Modbus over TCP/IP.
    – Issue smart switch commands to appliances.

    2.3 Energy Storage & Conversion Units

    Battery Management System (BMS) monitoring state‑of‑charge, temperature, health.

    DC‑DC/AC‑DC converters for grid‑level interface;
    capable of bidirectional flow.

    Inverter with MPPT: Harvest PV power efficiently and provide clean AC output.

    3. Communication & Control Architecture

    3.1 Field‑Level Protocols

    Layer Protocol Purpose

    Physical/Media Ethernet (Cat5e/Cat6) Reliable wired backbone

    Data Link IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), EtherCAT (if needed) Low‑latency
    deterministic communication

    Network IP/TCP‑UDP, MQTT‑s Service discovery,
    command/control

    Application OPC UA, RESTful APIs, Modbus TCP Interoperability with SCADA/IoT

    3.2 Control Hierarchy

    Distributed I/O: Sensors & actuators connected to PLCs
    (or microcontrollers) via Ethernet.

    Local Controllers: PLCs execute closed‑loop control (PID,
    logic) using local data and commands from higher layers.

    Central Supervisory Layer:

    – SCADA/OPC UA server aggregates data, provides HMI.

    – Cloud platform collects anonymized telemetry for analytics.

    Edge Intelligence:

    – Predictive maintenance models run on edge devices (e.g.,
    Raspberry Pi or industrial SBC).
    – Anomalies flagged locally to reduce latency.

    Security Enforcement:

    – Firewalls, IDS/IPS at network perimeters.
    – Device authentication via certificates; periodic key rotation.

    —

    6. “What If” Scenarios and Mitigation

    Scenario A: Compromise of an Edge Controller (e.g., a Raspberry Pi)

    Impact: The attacker gains local network access, potentially pivoting to PLCs or
    SCADA servers.

    Mitigations:

    – Harden OS: minimal packages, disable unnecessary services.

    – Use read-only root filesystem; enable secure boot.

    – Apply strict firewall rules: only allow outbound HTTPS to authorized
    servers, block all inbound traffic except SSH from trusted IPs.

    – Regularly patch via automated update scripts with signed payload verification.

    Scenario B: Zero-Day Vulnerability in PLC Firmware

    Impact: Direct control over production processes, possible sabotage or data exfiltration.

    Mitigations:

    – Vendor collaboration to get rapid firmware updates; enforce mandatory install.

    – Network segmentation: place PLCs on isolated VLAN with limited routing capabilities.

    – Deploy an intrusion detection system (IDS) monitoring for anomalous traffic patterns indicative of exploitation attempts.

    – Implement a fallback isolation mechanism (e.g., automatically disconnect PLC from the network upon detecting suspicious activity).

    Scenario C: Insider Threat Compromising Management Credentials

    Impact: Unrestricted access to all layers, potential sabotage or theft.

    Mitigations:

    – Enforce role-based access control (RBAC) with
    least privilege principle.
    – Multi-factor authentication (MFA) dianabol cycle for sale
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    – Continuous monitoring of privileged session logs and real-time alerts on unusual behavior.

    – Employ a zero-trust architecture that verifies every request
    regardless of origin.

    —

    5. Recommendations for Strengthening the Security Posture

    Unified Identity Management

    Deploy an identity provider (IdP) that supports federation across all layers,
    enabling single sign-on (SSO) and centralized policy
    enforcement.

    Zero-Trust Network Segmentation

    Implement microsegmentation and enforce strict
    access controls between application tiers, reducing lateral movement risk.

    Continuous Threat Detection

    Integrate security information and event
    management (SIEM) with threat intelligence feeds to provide real-time alerts on anomalous behaviors.

    Automated Remediation Pipelines

    Use infrastructure-as-code and automated testing frameworks to detect and remediate misconfigurations before deployment reaches
    production.

    Regular Penetration Testing & Red Team Exercises

    Simulate attacks against both application logic and
    underlying infrastructure to uncover hidden vulnerabilities.

    Enhanced User Authentication & Authorization

    Adopt multi-factor authentication, zero-trust network access
    models, and fine-grained role-based access controls for internal stakeholders.

    By addressing these gaps, the organization can fortify its defense posture across the entire spectrum of web application security—from front-end interfaces to back-end
    infrastructure—thereby mitigating the risk of successful exploitation that
    could compromise data integrity, confidentiality, or availability.

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